Upper Mustang Trek: Explore the Lost Hidden Kingdom in Nepal
The district of Mustang was once an independent kingdom. Until the early 1950s, it maintained close cultural ties with Tibet. The people here remained isolated from Nepal for hundreds of years. Even today, the true mountain folks of the Upper Mustang Trek still speak Tibetan and preserve their heritage. Explore this lost hidden kingdom on the Upper Mustang Trek.
History of Mustang Kingdom and Royal Rule
The king of Mustang held titular kingship until 2008, when Nepal became a republic following a major political shift. Although the monarchy ended, the king retained his title. Similarly, petty kings in Bajhang, Salyan, and Jajarkot kept their titles. Mustang’s capital, Lo Manthang, remains home to the last raja of Mustang. To learn more about Nepal’s royal history, visit the Nepal Government Official Site.
Tiji Festival 2025: Cultural Celebrations in Upper Mustang
Every May, Lo-Manthang in Upper Mustang hosts the vibrant Tiji Festival. This major cultural event celebrates Tibetan Buddhism with traditional music, dances, and performances. These acts depict the victory of good over evil. Visitors also enjoy unique activities that showcase native traditions. The festival creates an atmosphere cherished by locals and tourists alike.
Population and Ethnic Groups of Mustang Region
Based on the 2001 census, Mustang had roughly 14,981 residents spread across three larger towns. The district also contains about 30 smaller settlements. The majority of inhabitants belong to the Gurung and Thakali ethnic groups. Some residents proudly claim pure Tibetan ancestry. For information on Nepal’s diverse ethnic communities, check out our page on Ethnic Groups in Nepal.
Geography and Historical Trade Routes of Mustang
Mustang lies on a strategic trade route between India and Tibet. This location supported a thriving population. The trekking route used today follows the same path traders took since the 15th century. Discover other historic trekking routes on our Annapurna Circuit Trek.
Although Mustang became part of Nepal in the 1950s, foreigners only gained access in the early 2000s. Today, access beyond Kagbeni requires special trekking permits. Trekkers must also travel with a government-appointed official.
Discover the Ancient Mustang Sky Caves and Buddhist Artifacts
The Upper Mustang caves, or Sky Caves, are among the area’s most captivating attractions. Hundreds of man-made caves are carved into cliff faces. Experts estimate around 10,000 caves in this region. Exploring these caves revealed numerous Buddhist artifacts, some dating back to the 12th century. Finds include paintings, sculptures, and manuscripts. Along with a 55-panel depiction of Buddha’s life, the Mustang Sky Caves rank among the world’s greatest archaeological mysteries. For more about Buddhist heritage in Nepal, visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site on Lumbini.
Trek Difficulty and Best Seasons for Upper Mustang Trek
The Upper Mustang Trek is not particularly difficult, with its highest point at 3,800 meters. However, the conditions can be harsh. Most residents migrate to lower regions during winter due to cold weather, so trekking during this season is best avoided. Summer and monsoon months provide more favorable conditions.
Trekking Permits and Regulations for Upper Mustang
Permits play a crucial role in visitor safety and conservation. For the Upper Mustang Trek, you need the Upper Mustang Restricted Area Permit and the Annapurna Conservation Area Permit (ACAP). You can obtain these permits in Kathmandu or Pokhara. Trekking with a registered guide or agency is mandatory. Properly acquiring permits supports the local economy and helps protect Mustang’s unique culture and environment. Read more about trekking permits on our Nepal Trekking Permits Guide.
Best Time and Climate for Trekking in Upper Mustang
Upper Mustang lies in the rain shadow region of the Himalayas and receives very little rainfall. The trek usually takes at least 14 days. It features a fairly easy walk through the Kali Gandaki valley, with occasional climbs above the valley walls. Vegetation is sparse in this desert-like region, but the harsh conditions test and strengthen travelers’ grit. The journey becomes part of the experience, especially when braving the cold Mustang winds.